Sabtu, 29 September 2012

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. This tense is used to express the action or condition which were in progress at the time of another activity in he past.

Examples :
- I was studying when the light went out
- The telephone rang when I was having a bath

B. This tense is also used to express a situation like gradual development.

Examples :
- It was getting darker
- The wind was rising

THE FRAME

A. NOMINAL
( + )   S  + WAS / WERE + BEING + COMP
          I   + was + being + diligent 
       You + were + being + in TV

( - )    S + WAS / WERE + NOT + BEING + COMP
          I   + was + not + being + diligent
       You + were + not + being + on TV

( ? )   WAS / WERE + S + BEING + COMP
           Was + I + being + diligent
         Were + you + being + on TV

B. VERBAL
( +)    S + WAS / WERE + V + ING + OBJ / COMP
          I  + was + drinking + black coffee
      You + were + flying + to Bali

( - )    S + WAS / WERE + NOT + V + ING + OBJ / COMP
         I   + was + not + drinking + black coffee
      You + were + not + flying + to Bali

( ? )  WAS / WERE + S + V + ING + OBJ / COMP
           Was + I + drinking + black coffee
         Were + you + flying + to Bali

Rabu, 26 September 2012

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PAST TENSE

    This tense is used to express an action or condition completed in the past at a definite time and entirely separated from now.

Examples : 
- I was ill yesterday
- You played doll last week
- We called them last Sunday
- They were at the bank
- He drank tea at 09.00 o'clock

THE FRAME

A. NOMINAL
( + )     S + WAS / WERE + COMP
           I  + was + at home
        You + were + thin

( - )     S + WAS / WERE + NOT + COMP
         I   + was + not + at home
       You + were + not + thin

( ? )  WAS / WERE + S + COMP
        Was + I + at home
       Were + You + thin

B. VERBAL
( + )   S + V2 + OBJ / COMP
         I  + bought + a new TV
      You + visited + my school

( - )     S + DID + NOT + V1 + OBJ / COMP
          I  + did + not + buy + a new TV
       You + did + not + visit + my school

( ? )   DID + S + V1 + OBJ / COMP
         Did + I + buy + a new TV
        Did  + you + visit + my school

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

This tense is used to express an action beginning in the past, but the action still related in the mind of speaker with the moment of speaking.

Examples :
- I have done my home work
- He has visited his parents
- They have been tired

THE FRAME

A. NOMINAL
( + )  S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + COMP
        I  + have + been + thirsty
      He + has + been + there

( - )   S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN + COMP
         I  + have + not + been + thirsty
        He + has + not + been + there

( ? )  HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + COMP
        Have + I + been + thirsty
        Has + he + been + there

B. VERBAL
( + )      S + HAVE / HAS + V3 + OBJ / COMP
        She + has + collected + data
        You + have + drunk + beer

( - )     S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V3 + OBJ / COMP
       She + has + not + collected + data
       You + have + not + drunk + beer

( ? )  HAVE / HAS + S + V3 + OBJ / COMP
        Has + she + collected + data
        Have + you + drunk + beer   

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

  • Simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, it used for general statements of fact and used for habitual or everyday activity.
  • This tense is used to express :
a. Habitual Actions

Examples : 
- We eat rice every day
- I wake up at 05.00 a.m
- You ride your bike every Sunday

b. General Truth

Examples :
- The sun rises in the east
- The earth revolves around the sun
- Indonesia is a big country

THE FRAME

A. NOMINAL
 ( + )   S + AM / IS / ARE + COMP
               I   + am + strong
             He + is   + pilot

 ( - )  S + AM  IS / ARE + NOT + COMP
             I   + am + not + strong
           He + is + not + pilot

 ( ? )  AM / IS / ARE + S + COMP 
             Am + I + strong
             Is    + he + pilot

B. VERBAL 
( + )   S + V1 + OBJ / COMP
         I    + drink + tea
     They + love + us

( - )    S + DO / DOES + NOT + V1 + OBJ / COMP
          I   + do + not + drink + tea
     They + do + not + love + us 

( ? )  DO / DOES + S + V1 + OBJ / COMP
         Do + I + drink + tea
         Do + they + love + us





Jumat, 14 September 2012

GIVING INSTRUCTION


GIVING INSTRUCTION



Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The sentences used in giving instruction is Simple Present

Formula of Giving Instruction :
  • If you don't use a verb as a commanding word, you use Be + Adjective
examples :
- Be Slow
- Be Happy
- Be yourself

  • When you forbid someone to do something you use Don't + Verb infinitive without to
examples :
- Don' Cry
- Don't Close the door


PROCEDURE TEXT

PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure is the set of steps which should be completed in the right sequence to get the goal. In our daily life, we often have to perform some steps to make or get something done.

Social Function : to describe how to do or to make something through a sequence of actions or steps.

Generic Structure of Procedure
  1. Goal : Title of the text
  2. Materials : optional, not for all procedural texts
  3. Steps : a series steps oriented to achieving the goal
Language Feature
  1. The use of Simple Present Tense, often in an imperative from e.g. Add some sugar, prepare it.
  2. The use mainly of temporal conjunction
  • As the sentence sequencers especially in spoken text :
         - first
         - second
         - finally
  • As time sequencers, especially in written text
         - before
         - after
         - when
         - while
         - during

Example 



Goal : HOW TO MAKE A CUP OF CAPPUCCINO COFFEE

Material : 
  1. Water
  2. A teaspoonful of coffee
  3. Three spoonfuls of sugar
  4. Two spoonfuls of cappuccino
Steps :
  • First, boil some water in the kettle
  • Then, put a teaspoonful of coffee into a cup
  • Put three spoonfuls of sugar into a cup
  • Add two spoons of cappuccino
  • Fill the cup with boiling water
  • Finally, stir it and a cup of cappuccino coffee is ready to drink




NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE TEXT

The purpose of Narrative text is to entertain, create or stimulate emotions, motivate, guide, and teach reader.

Narrative text usually has a moral value. A narrative text may include folktales, myths, legends, etc.


The Generic Structure of Narrative Text
  • Orientation : Introduces main characters, setting, and time. The opening paragraph introduces characters/ participants of the story and sets the scene( when/where ).
  • Complication : the problem happens among the characters.
  • Resolution : The problem is solved, for better or worse. 

Example :

  1. Legend : Malin Kundang, Lake Toba
  2. Fable   : Birds and Snake, etc
  3. Fairy tale : Snow White, Cinderella
  4. Horror : The Wall, House of The Death
  5. Sciencefiction : Alien 



RECOUNT TEXT

RECOUNT TEXT


Recount is a retells past events or experiences in the order they happened. Its purpose is either to inform/retell past event or to entertain the audience.


Generic Structure of Recount :

  1. Orientation : Introducing the participants, place and time.
  2. Events            : Describing series of event that happened in the past.
  3. Reorientation : It is optional. stating personal comment of the writer to the story.
Language Feature of Recount
  • Introducing personal participant : I, my group, etc
  • Using chronological connection : then, first, etc
  • Using linking verb : was, were, saw, heard, etc
  • Using action verb : look, go, change, etc
  • Using simple past tense
Example

- Orientation
            Yusuf went to Marina circuit in the morning to join a car race.

- Events
            He arrived at seven and directly checked up his engine. The race started at eight. At first he led the race, but it wasn't long because suddenly another car hit his car from behind.  He lost the race and his car was broken.

- Reorientation
             He was very disappointed.





ADVERTISEMENT

ADVERTISEMENT


An Advertisement is a picture, set of words, or a short film, which is intended to persuade people to buy a product or use a service.

A text which gives information about a job that is available, an event that is going to happen, etc can also belong to advertisement.

1. An Advertisement usually consists of :
  • The name of the product
  • The selling points of the product
  • How to get the product
  • Interesting design
2. Some expressions used in advertisement :
  • 10 % discount of all items
  • We have the best pets in town with reasonable prices
  • Sale
  • Urgently required
3. Function of advertisement :

*Promotion
*Communication
*Information


4. In making an advertisement keep the following points

Language of advertisement :

*using the corret or suitable words.
*using the interesting and suggestive expression.
*using positive expression.
*text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.
Content of advertisement :
*Objective
*Brief and clear
* Not allude group or other producer.

Content of advertisement:

· Objective and honest
· Brief and clear
· Not macking to group or other producer.
· Attractive attention.


5. Kinds of Advertisement :

- Announcement advertisement
- Commercial advertisement
- News advertisement
- Sponsor advertisement
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Good and married


6. Advertisement have 2(two)meaning :

1. advertisement is a comercial solicitation designed to sell commodity,service or similar.
-companies try to sell their products usin.
Advertisement in from or palacards,television,sport and print
publication.

2. advertisement is a public noties
-the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaperin informs it resident of the forthcom in road works.
Advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are disigend to generate increased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image “N” barand loyality.

Example 


INVITATION

INVITATION

An Invitation is used to invite someone to attend the event like birthday party, wedding 
ceremony, informal dinner, etc.

An Invitation should give information about :
  • The name of the event
  • When the event will be held
  • Where the event will take place
  • Additional information
·         Kind of invitation expression are :

Extending invitation :

How would you like to………..?
Would you like to come to………….?
Do you want to………?
We would like to invite you to…………..
We would like you join us for……….
How about………….?
I want to join to…………….?
Do you mind to come to………..?
Please come to………….
I’ll be happy if you come to………
Shall we go to………
Let’s we go to…………

Accepting invitation.

Thank you, I will come.
OK!
I’d love to……….
I’d like to………….
That sounds great.
That sounds good.
That would be terrific.
That would be fun
That would be wonderful
Thank you for inviting me.
Thank you for the invitation.
It’s very nice of you to invite me.
I’d be happy to……..
I’d be glad to………
I like that.
I’d be delighted to……..
We’d be very happy to come.
We’d be very glad to come.
We’d be pleased to come.
We’d be delighted to come.
Surely.
That’s nice.
Thanks for asking………
We’ll be looking forward to it.

Rejecting invitation.

· No, thank you.
· I’d love to, but………….
· I can’t.
· I’d like to, but I want be able to………..
· I would like to go, but I can’t.
· I would love to, but………..
· It’s good, but………….
· Sorry, It’s good, but I can’t.

Example